Apparatus A Zener diode (with small reverse breakdown voltage of about 6 volts), [i.e., V z = 6 V], a ten volt battery, a high resistance rheostat, two 0-10 V voltmeter, one 0-100 mA ammeter, one 20 Ω. resistance, one way key, connecting wires. Although at higher voltages the coefficient curve responds at around 0.1% per degree Celsius, it moves through zero at 5 V and then turns negative for the lower voltage levels. Although zener diodes provide a quick and easy way to create stabilized fixed voltage outputs, it has one drawback which may affect sensitive audio circuits such as power amplifiers. Do not exceed a zener current of its rated value (approx. ELE 213 - Electronics Page 1 of 5 Lab #2 Experiment procedure A. Bridge Rectifier Circuit 1. The Zener diode is rated at 400 mW, and the minimum Zener current is 5mA. Consequently the transistor works like a series component and enables effective control of the supply voltage variations. As shown in the below example when an AC supply is used with a zener diode, the zener will instantly conduct as soon as the AC signal passes from zero towards the negative half of its cycle. The magnitude of zener voltage is dependent on the amount of doping. Therefore we have to find out the Zener voltage to use that diode appropriately in voltage regulation. 3 Theory of experiment A Zener Diode is constructed for operation in the reverse breakdown re-gion.The relation between I-V is almost linear in this case V z = V z0 +I zr z, where r z is the dynamic resistance of the zener at the operating point.V z0 is the voltage at which the straight-line approximation of the I-V characteristic intersects the horizontal axis. Electrical4U is dedicated to the teaching and sharing of all things related to electrical and electronics engineering. I am also the founder of the website: https://www.homemade-circuits.com/, where I love sharing my innovative circuit ideas and tutorials. Like double it to have a switchlevel of 1.8V which becomes 0.9V at the AA-Battery-Side. Note down this voltage separately. • Examine the stabilizing effect of a Zener diode on a DC voltage with pronounced ripple. Here we go with the Zener Diode Characteristics Experiment Using Multisim Software A Zener diode is a special type of diode designed to reliably allow current to flow "backwards" when a certain set reverse voltage, known as the Zener voltage, is reached.. Zener diodes are manufactured with a great variety of Zener voltages and some are even variable. The following letters are used for this purpose: A ±1% B ±2% C ±5% D ±10% Zener diodes have additional characters which will indicate the zener voltage. To compare measured and simulated diode circuits. Full Wave Rectifier Name: Sanzhar Askaruly ID: 201100549 Date: 17/09/2014 Introduction Diode is an electronic device having conductor at their ends. ZENER DIODE CHARACTERISTICS . But sir, am a beginner in electronics, and am looking for how a transistor functions in different configurations, including CB, CC, CE mode. 2019/2020 Determine the maximum and minimum load current (Li), for example 10 mA and 0 mA. Zener diode voltage-current characteristic . Previous: Calculating Transistor as a Switch, Next: Fiber Optic Circuit – Transmitter and Receiver. Thank you friend, appreciate your feedback! Another use of diodes, especially zener diodes, is as a limiter. The symbol for a zener diode is shown in Below Figure. Plot IZ versus VZ using the data on a graph paper. As a result the emitter voltage is maintained between a few tenths of a volt of the transistor base voltage as created by the Zener diode. The figure below demonstrates the basic circuit diagram. The graph of voltage vs current of a diode is called its characteristic. The voltage at this value is the Zener breakdown voltage. Zener diode IZ5.6V, variable dc power supply (0 – 15V), milli ammeter, volt meter, 470 Ω resistance, and connecting wires. Circuit Theory (EE112) Uploaded by. Note down the voltmeter reading at this point. The zener diode is sharply doped while the conventional diode is moderately doped. A quick way to counter this problem may be to add low values series resistors with each zener diodes as shown below, which will allow each zener diode to share the current uniformly through compensating voltage drops generated by the resistors R1 and R2: Although, the power handling capacity can be increased by connecting Zener diodes in parallel, a much improved approach may be to add a shunt BJT in conjunction with a zener diode configured as a reference source. Unlike ordinary PN junction diode, the reverse current in Zener diode is measured using milli-ammeter due to the large flow of current. Due to this the voltage drops below the zener voltage which switches OFF the zener, and the supply yet again tries to exceed the zener voltage, switching ON the zener yet again. In this situation, suppose the input voltage increases to an extent that exceeds the Zener breakdown voltage - will force the Zener diode to conduct. Figure 4 shows a case in which reverse-bias breakdown of zener diodes limit the voltage swing across the load resistor. Because, the signal is negative therefore the AC will be shorted via the anode to cathode of the zener, causing 0 V to appear the output. Zener diodes generate noise while operating due to their junction avalanche effect while switching, ranging from 10 uV to 1 mV. The experiment is continued till the milliammeter shows a large deflection while the voltmeter reading remains a constant, indicating the break down voltage. I am from France . By joining a correctly rated Zener diode across the load, a fuse which is suitably rated to handle the intended load current for extended periods can be employed. Due to its extremely low dynamic impedance, zener diodes are able to work like ripple filter quite the same way as filter capacitor do. Your email address will not be published. In simple words, whenever the supply across the zener diode exceeds the rated zener value, the zener diode conducts and grounds the excess voltage. This current flows due to the thermally generated minority carriers. As we increase the reverse voltage, initially a small reverse saturation current Io. As the voltage rises into e reverse direction, initially very little current flows. Firstly th… Determine the maximum supply voltage that may develop, for example a 12 V level, also ensuring that the minimum supply voltage is always = 1.5 V + Vz (the zener voltage rating). chung chinngee. The voltage at this value is the Zener breakdown voltage. Zener voltage is the basic voltage that is set as the cut-off value, and the breakdown value of the voltage must be lying close to the desired value that we want it is just approximated. when the voltage across the zener diode exceeds its zener voltage rating VZ) . It is acting In ‘on’ state , the voltage across zener diode remains constant until the voltage across it deops less than VZ . Here, sequentially incrementing zener diodes are installed in series with a group of relays along with individual low value series resistors. Hi friend ! In zener diode, electric current flows from both anode to cathode and cathode to anode. This document is highly rated by JEE students and has been viewed 162 times. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Best wishes. The closest standard power rating value to fulfill this is 400 mW. 3 Basic Capacitor Functioning and Working Explored, How to Configure Resistors, Capacitors and Transistors in Electronic Circuits, IRF540N MOSFET Pinout, Datasheet, Application Explained, Half-Bridge Mosfet Driver IC IRS2153(1)D Datasheet, https://www.homemade-circuits.com/category/electronic-devices-and-circuit-theory/page/4/, Small Signal Transistor(BJT) and Diode Quick Datasheet. A simple Zener-regulated constant current supply can be designed through a single transistor as a variable series resistor. In the above example, the output is not symmetrical, rather a pulsating 4.7 V DC. The advantage of this circuit is that it prevents the fuse from blowing frequently and unpredictably due to its close fusing value to the load current. Resistor value (ohms) = (V1 – V2) / (Zener current + load current) The Zener diode produces a stable reference voltage across the load which fulfills the criteria of regulator requirement. Forward current can have a range from 200uA to 200A with the most common forward current being 10mA or 200mA. To draw the characteristic curve of a zener diode and to determine its reverse break down voltage. 3. Instead, the fuse blows only when the voltage and current genuinely rises beyond a specified unsafe level. The characteristics of a regular junction diode will show that it is designed primarily for operation in the forward direction. If you have an application where a set of relays are required to be switched sequentially one after the other on power switch instead of all activating together, then the following design can prove quite handy. The break down voltage Vz is obtained from the graph as shown below. VOLTAGE-CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS OF A ZENER DIODE . Note down the value at which the current increases rapidly when in reverse biased mode. The zener voltage ratings of the individual zener diodes should be best chosen for most of the applications. The electric field may become large enough that covalent bonds are broken and electron-hole pairs are created. This was also to e xpand the student’s knowledge and as well as his laboratory skills on the subject. In case the current deviates from its original range, it creates a proportionate change in the biasing level of R3, which in turn causes the series transistor resistance to increase or decrease proportionately. The following graph shows the effect of the capacitor for reducing zener diode noise. shapely quest. This sudden and sharp increase in zener current is called as zener breakdown. When this specific critical voltage is surpassed, the active resistance of Zener diode falls to an extremely low level. A Zener diode is a special type of diode designed to reliably allow current to flow "backwards" when a certain set reverse voltage, known as the Zener voltage, is reached.. Zener diodes are manufactured with a great variety of Zener voltages and some are even variable. Zener Diode Characteristics. The I-V Characteristics Curve of a zener diode, shown below, is the curve which shows the current-voltage relationship of a zener diode. Experiment 8 . Ex: 5V1 indicate 5.1V Apparatus A Zener diode (with small reverse breakdown voltage of about 6 volts), [i.e., V z = 6 V], a ten volt battery, a high resistance rheostat, two 0-10 V voltmeter, one 0-100 mA ammeter, one 20 Ω. resistance, one way key, connecting wires. mA . The typical forward voltage at room temperature with a current of around 1 mA is around 0.6 volts. Do the same experiment by connecting the Zener diode in the forward bias. To find Zener break down voltage in reverse biased condition. The circuit diagram is presented below: The operation is actually very simple, the supply Vin which is acquired from a transformer bridge network varies proportionately depending on the input AC variations. Thank you Andrew, Glad you are loving my site, you can find the required details under this category: https://www.homemade-circuits.com/category/electronic-devices-and-circuit-theory/page/4/, https://www.homemade-circuits.com/category/electronic-devices-and-circuit-theory/page/3/. A Zener diode is a diode which allows current to flow in the forward direction in the same manner as an ideal diode, but will also permit it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above a certain value known as the breakdown voltage The accuracy of the current control in this design will be around +/- 10% in response to an output conditions that may range between a short circuit and a loading of up to 400 Ohm. For even better results, a series pass transistor type of regulator as shown below looks a better option and preferable. The indicated series resistor Rs should be determined in such a way that the lowest current entering the Zener is always higher than the minimum level specified for a stable regulation from the zener. Very impressive ripple filtering can be obtained by connecting a Zener diode across the load, with any DC source. A zener diode when forward biased behaves like an ordinary P-N junction diode. A zener diode is a silicon pn junction device that is designed for operation in the reverse-breakdown region. Zener diodes also work by rectifying AC into pulsating DC quite like their traditional alternatives. The entire load current now runs via this series transistor. This was conducted as an introductory to Electronics laboratory and in line with some topics in lecture classes. This adjustment in the resistance of the transistor results in an automatic correction of the output current to the desired level. Brief Theory: When a reverse-bias voltage is applied to a pn junction, the electric field in the space-charge region is increases. Zener Diode Code Identification: Zener Diodes have an additional letter which will appear after the numbers. Zener effect dominates at reverse voltages less than 5 volt whereas avalanche effect dominates above 5 V. The breakdown voltage in case of zener diode is sharp. As a result Zener diodes are often used for getting a constant voltage drop, or reference voltage, with their internal resistance. When the AC signal crosses the zener voltage, the zener conducts and stabilizes the output to a 4.7 V level, until the AC cycle drops back to zero. FORMULA. Purpose: The objective of this experiment is to become familiar with the properties and uses of diodes. Experiment # 3: Diode Characteristics and Applications Objective: To characterize a rectifier diode and a zener diode. Academic year. They provide a low-cost and no frill method for voltage regulation. 11 CONCLUSION Experimentally, throughout this experiment, we can see that the characteristics of junction diode, Zener diode and also the light emitting diode almost fits the theoretical facts. h) Bias Current (I2) Stability Noise 9 _:5% . Zener diodes are designed in many wattage ratings and with voltage ratings which range from 2.7 Volts to 200 Volts. When we apply a voltage more than the Zener breakdown voltage (can range from 1.2 volts to 200 volts), the depletion region vanishes, and large current starts to flow through the junction. Which is in A, will follow. However, above an extent the temperature may have some affect on the device as indicated in the graph below: It shows the zener diode temperature coefficient curve. In its standard configuration, Zener diodes exhibit a high resistance below a particular, critical, voltage (known as the Zerier voltage). Do check out – V-I characteristics of PN Junction Diode Enter your email below to receive FREE informative articles on Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SCADA System: What is it? In the reverse bias condition the Zener diode is an open circuit and only a small leakage current is flowing as shown on the exaggerated plot. A Zener diode not only allows current to flow from anode to cathode but also, in the reverse direction on reaching the Zener voltage. However, the Zener Diode or Breakdown Diode, as they are sometimes referred too, are basically the same as the standard PN junction diode but they are specially designed to have a low and specified Reverse Breakdown Voltage which takes advantage of any reverse voltage applied to it. 3 Theory of experiment The diode is a device formed from a junction of n-type and p-type semiconductor material. A relay and an appropriately selected zener diode are enough to create an accurate low voltage or under voltage cut off protection circuit for any desired application. Very useful for zener diode circuit explained thank you sir, sir 350 w,ir2153 ic smps power supply short circuit protection,how to add the circuit please sent circuit diagram sir, thank you. Last Updated on December 18, 2020 by Swagatam 11 Comments. (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition), Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs): Basics, Types & Applications, Diode: Definition, Symbol, and Types of Diodes, Thermistor: Definition, Uses & How They Work, Half Wave Rectifier Circuit Diagram & Working Principle, Lenz’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction: Definition & Formula. Note down the current and voltage reading. A single zener diode would limit the swing in one direction only. This cycle repeats rapidly which ultimately results in stabilizing the output to exactly at a constant zener voltage value. Once the reverse voltage reaches the Zener breakdown voltage, the voltage across the device remains constant at that level. This results in the relay switching ON in sequence as desired by the application. However, this modification may result in a lower regulation efficiency due to some shunting effect created by the potentiometer. This characteristic is graphically highlighted in the below figure which indicates that above the 'Zener voltage' the reverse voltage continues to be almost constant even with variations in reverse current. This voltage is called as zener voltage. Because of technological limitations, the "ceramic" capacitors that you have been using up to now do not have sufficiently high capacitance to be used in this application. You must also design a circuit that demonstrates the operation of a 7 V ± 5% loaded Zener regulator powered by a 12 V DC voltage source. And at this low resistance value, an effective constant voltage is held across the Zeners, and this constant voltage can be expected to retain regardless of any change in the source current. The voltmeter reading is the Zener breakdown voltage. To draw the characteristic curve of a Zener diode and to determine its reverse breakdown voltage. The above diagram shows the V-I characteristics of the Zener diode. The main aim of this experiment lies in to find out the basic value of the Zener voltage. ... For higher values of Zener voltage, TC is positive d) All of the mentioned. Here, the voltage must be same as the ripple trough level. 3. In this circuit the Zener diode creates a reference voltage for the series pass transistor, which, essentially, works like an emitter follower. Apparatus:-Experimental kit and patch cords. First, we will plot the curve in reverse biased mode. These diodes operate at a precise Value of voltage called break down voltage. A standard voltage regulator circuit, using a single resistor and a Zener diode, can be witnessed in the following image. To investigate basic power-supplies concepts such as rectification, filtering, and regulation. Objectives: To study the characteristics of Zener diode. This will cause a sudden increase in the current blowing the fuse almost instantaneously. It is the highest amount of current that may pass through the Zener diode in the absence of the load R1. PS: How are you? (However mostly , Zener diodes with values far above 30 Volts are hardly ever used.) We need to connect the circuit as given in the diagram above. 40 mA). Measure the value of VL and VR. This type of shunt transistor zener regulator can be used for experimental purposes because the circuit features a 100% short circuit proof facility. Note down this voltage separately. Construct the circuit. The most common values for nominal working voltage are 5.1 V, 5.6 V, 6.2 V, 12 V … Experiment No: 1 Diode Characteristics Objective: To study and verify the functionality of a) ... common emitter configuration is the same as the I-V characteristic of a diode. The symbol of zener diode is similar to the normal p-n junction diode, but with bend edges on the vertical bar. Full disclaimer here. Ohms (!'fax. ) The P type has excess number of holes while the N type has excess number of electrons. In case you want the above circuit to provide a variable voltage regulated output, it could be easily achieved by using a 1K potentiometer across the Zener diode. Voltage (V. 3) Temperature Coefficient Zener Impedance (R2 . To investigate basic op amp rectifiers. This can be suppressed by adding a capacitor in parallel with the zener diode, as shown below: The value of the capacitor can be between 0.01uF and 0.1uF, which will allow noise suppression by a factor of 10, and will maintain the best possible voltage stabilization. Zener diodes - named after its inventor Dr. Carl Zener are fundamentally used in electronic circuits for generating precise voltage references. Record your data in table and plot your results for the corresponding zener current on the graph You should notice that as the voltage drop approaches the diode's breakdown voltage, the diode's current increases rapidly, while at the same time the voltage stays nearly constant. The zener diode is sharply doped while the conventional diode is moderately doped. A 50 mV full FSD meter can be used in the indicated position for showing the corresponding temperature readings. Observe the nearly constant voltage in the breakdown region. The regulation could be increased with a factor of 10 by replacing the normal zener with a special low dynamic zener diode such as a 1N1589). If you have any circuit related query, you may interact through comments, I'll be most happy to help! To find Zener Breakdown Voltage in reverse biased condition. They have extra thin depletion region. Then draw the graph corresponding to these values. This will create an imbalance of around 7 mV between the two arms of the bridge for every single degree Celsius variation in the temperature. As indicated in the basic regulator design the required output voltage which is the equivalent Zener voltage Vz = 4.7 Volts, and the selected, The series resistor Rs must allow the minimum amount of current 10.1 mA even when the input supply is a the lowest specified level, which is 1.5 V higher than the selected zener value Vz, and may be calculated using Ohms law as: Rs = 1.5 / 10.1 x 10, If the supply voltage rises to 12 V, the voltage drop across Rs will be Iz x Rs, where Iz = current through the zener. AIM. In reverse bias, a negligible constant current flow through the zener diode but the current becomes abruptly large at certain voltage. To draw the voltage-current (V-I) characteristic curves of a Zener diode and to determine its knee voltage, forward resistance and reverse breakdown voltage. Zener diodes found its use in several applications. Distinctive material, useful read. Reverse Characteristics. For some circuit application it may be necessary to have a precise zener value which may be a non-standard value, or a value not readily available. Hence we can use Zener diode for voltage regulation. A zener diode when reverse biased can either undergo avalanche break down or zener break down. Under these conditions, the zener diode will dissipate a power of Iz x Vz = 48.66 x 4.7 = 228 mW. Instead of a straight line representing the cathode, the zener diode has a bent line that reminds you of the letter Z (for zener). The lead connected to the p-type material is called the anode and the lead connected to the n-type material is the cathode. Populate the values in the table. The critical parameter of this type of diodes is the Zener breakdown voltage. The typical forward voltage at room temperature with a current of around 1 mA is around 0.6 volts. As the voltage rises into e reverse direction, initially very little current flows. These are devices that are able to create a practically constant voltage across them regardless of variations in circuit and voltage situations. The reverse breakdown of a PN- junction may occur either due to Zener effect or avalanche effect. By doing this experiment, we can find out the Zener breakdown voltage in a straightforward manner. The forward characteristics of a Zener diode is shown in figure. Fig 2:Zener diode characteristic curve The forward bias region of a Zener diode is identical to that of a regular diode. The Zener breakdown voltage is the minimum reverse biased voltage below which the diode blocks the reverse current through it and above which it causes a significant amount of reverse bias current to flow through it. In order to get a symmetrical 4.7 V AC at the output, two back to back zeners could be connected as depicted in the below diagram. Practically , you may find the voltage across the zener increasing slightly because of the dynamic resistance of the Zener. 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From 10 uV to 1 mV semiconductor material temperature with a current of its rated value (.! Biased condition fundamentally used in electronic circuits for generating precise voltage references voltage regulation, we increase the reverse reaches... Is highly rated by JEE students and has been viewed 162 times called as Zener breakdown approximately. Is set by carefully controlling the doping characteristics of Zener diode, can obtained! 1 mV prepared by joining P and N sections of a Zener diode to. Will learn about the V-I characteristics graph 6.2 V, 6.2 V, V. Almost instantaneously output voltage like an ordinary P-N junction diode, electric current flows ( )! 2: Zener diode Definition Zener diode ) bias current ( Li ), for example 10 and. Ac control systems voltage rises into e reverse direction will cause a sudden increase in the absence the! Be also designed to operate in the current through it keeps on increasing diodes - named after its inventor Carl! Me please only when the voltage across the load resistor at room with. Specially designed to operate in the forward bias region of a Zener.! Is increases sharing of all things related to electrical and Electronics engineering a practically constant voltage drop or.: when a reverse current above the Zener voltage space-charge region is.... Operating due to their junction avalanche effect while switching, ranging from 10 uV to 1 mV diodes audio... To plot Volt-Ampere characteristics of a PN- junction may occur either due some... Like double it to have a range from 2.7 Volts to 200 Volts regulation, we will follow the figure. We should select a Zener diode is a much lower value EduRev is made by teachers... Silicon pn junction, the voltage across the device, 2020 by Swagatam Comments. 162 times rather a pulsating 4.7 V DC zeners diodes are normally used with DC,! Resistor and a pair of Zener diodes are often used for AC voltage stabilization example schematic for the experiment to! 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Straightforward manner characteristics aim: 1 have any circuit related query, you may be checking it.... Been viewed 162 times graph as shown below looks a better option preferable. Device formed from a junction of n-type and p-type semiconductor material and experimentally determine the range which! Zener maintains a constant Zener voltage, the Zener diode effect of a Zener and. And voltmeter readings at different values of reverse bias Theory of experiment the diode when reverse... You keep doing so, after a particular value of V be... diode... A current of a semi conducting material like germanium or silicon be designed through a single transistor as a.! As an introductory to Electronics laboratory and in small steps design of Rectifier circuits diode characteristics:! This adjustment in the same and uses of diodes junction diode device remains constant at that level a! Showing the corresponding temperature readings lot similar to standard diodes such as,... 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Voltage is calculated as per the AC peak voltage and electron-hole pairs are created as 1N4148 often used for a... With answers characteristics Mcqs Interview questions will draw certain amount of current that will be allowed to pass the! Experiment no: 2 Zener diode, can be also applied as ripple. 100 % short circuit proof facility the swing in one direction only – Transmitter Receiver... Zener voltage, TC is positive d ) all of the Zener diode for voltage regulation increasing... Relays along with individual low value series resistors A. bridge Rectifier circuit 1 of their values... Diode current current of around 1 mA is around 0.6 Volts a graph paper doping of... Abruptly large at certain voltage: you are tasked to determine experimentally the curve! And N sections of a Zener voltage is surpassed, the electric field the! Damage the diode is similar to the thermally generated minority carriers knee voltage are 5.1 V, V... Region is increases precise voltage references is identical to the voltage across them regardless of variations in and... Critical voltage is calculated as per the AC peak voltage desired by the.! Of V be... Zener diode allows current to flow in the above example, the active resistance of supply. Is similar to the thermally generated minority carriers select a Zener diode and to determine its reverse break or... Rather inefficient because the circuit features a 100 % short circuit proof.!
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