These engineered fibres are being produced with uniform properties in every single fibre in terms of dimensions and mechanical properties [10]. However, these advantages come along with environmental issues. Fibre crops are not a new product for humans. Expelling the wastewater containing dye compounds into clean water will dissolve the oxygen content in the water and prohibit sunrays passing through the water as well. The composites were pretreated by a silane coupling agent (SCA) in the amount of 1–5%. Therefore conventional engineering fibres such as glass and carbon fibres, gradually substituted by natural fibre and sometimes use along with mineral fillers to meet the specification of certain task [9]. The reason for performing the first cycle is to eliminate the moisture content and thermal stress in the composites because the result is highly affected by water in sample [36]. This scenario usually starts when landing [5]. Only eight passengers have saved themselves in this incident. [47] have revealed TGA outcomes that are totally different. Therefore understanding the flammability of natural fibre based polymer composites could modify its fire behaviour thus allowing passengers more time to escape from an incident. Most of the natural fibres were implemented in daily life in Egypt from about 7,000 years ago [11]. This may be due to the chemical altering reaction caused by the treatment component. 2014, Article ID 514036, 8 pages, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/514036, 1Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Everything in the fire will eventually become charcoal, gases, and heat. A survivor, who described the incident, said he heard a loud bang and the plane caught fire. thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), different scanning calorimetric (DSC), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) are the three most famous methods used to investigate the fire behaviour of composites. Increasing the thickness of the wire insulation does help to prevent short-circuiting of the wires. The papers made are stronger, whiter, of higher duration for yellowing resistance, and smoother for printing [14–16]. [42] conducted an experiment pointing to several polymers as a matrix for kenaf fibre. A. El-Shekeil, S. M. Sapuan, K. Abdan, and E. S. Zainudin, “Influence of fiber content on the mechanical and thermal properties of Kenaf fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites,”, Z. N. Azwa, B. F. Yousif, A. C. Manalo, and W. Karunasena, “A review on the degradability of polymeric composites base on natural fibres,”, M. J. John, C. Bellmann, and R. D. Anandjiwala, “Kenaf-polypropylene composites: effect of amphiphilic coupling agent on surface properties of fibres and composites,”, D. De Britto and S. P. Campana-Filho, “A kinetic study on the thermal degradation of N,N,N-trimethylchitosan,”, S. Borysiak, D. Paukszta, and M. Helwig, “Flammability of wood-polypropylene composites,”, B. Li and J. Low visibility caused by two days of continuous rain and the surrounding by hills made rescue work harder. Optimum fiber content 20%. Despite this, lumens of natural fibre are excellent acoustic proofing for particleboard [19, 20]. The combustibility or lowered flame retardancy hampered the diverse applications of kenaf fibers reinforced polymer composites, as it affects the mechanical strength and stiffness of composites during fire. The bark contributes 30–40% of the dry weight for the stem and shows a dense structure. The ignition time widely depends on the heat intensity, the oxygen density, and the air flow in that particular area. Kenaf fiber is usually reinforced with synthetic based polymer resin such as polypropylene. One is that kenaf absorbs the nitrogen and phosphorus that are present in the soil. Kenaf Thermoset Composites Composites Tensile strength, Tensile MPa modulus, GPa Kenaf reinforced UP 20 - 90 4-7 40 -50 4-5 Kenaf reinforced VE Kenaf reinforced 50 - 65 3-5 Epoxy Elongation at break, % 0-2 0-3 1-3 Flexural strength, MPa 40 - 123 60 - 80 70 - 100 Flexural modulus, GPa 4 - 14 3-5 3-5. Demir et al. [53] haves used Mg(OH)2 and Zb as synergists with ammonium polyphosphate [APP] in a sisal/PP composite. In Julkapli and Akil’s [29] research, they performed a DSC analysis twice on kenaf-filled chitosan composites. Although the presence of the natural fibre brought an earlier ignition, the heat released by natural fibre composites was noticeably reduced by more than 50% of the pure PP matrix. PP is a matrix material that always leads the others and its flammability is widely studied [37–40]. Chaturvedi et al. The high moisture adsorption of the natural fibre allowed the absorption of the pigment in the waste water [17]. T. Potter, M. Lavado, and C. Pellon, “Methods for characterizing arc fault signatures in aerospace applications, Texas instruments,” 2013, P. J. Herrera-Franco and A. Valadez-González, “Mechanical properties of continuous natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites,”, H. M. Akil, M. F. Omar, A. It is possible to gather information such as Young’s modulus/storage modulus, , loss of modulus, and mechanical loss factor, and tan, as a function of deformation [30]. The results showed that increases by adding kenaf content at all temperatures. Mazuki, S. Safiee, Z.A.M. Properties of kenaf fiber composite are comparable to conventional fiber composites. ► Kenaf fiber is extracted from bast fiber of kenaf plants. [2] have shown that more than 41% of fatalities are caused by fire and smoke in an aircraft crash. This means that the kenaf plant is environmentally friendly not only in terms of its biodegradability, but in the fact that it also produces a lot of oxygen as well as reducing carbon dioxide. Russo et al. From the results (Table 3), glass transition temperature, , and melting temperature, , were not influenced by the appearance of the silane coupling agent. Flight Safety Foundation, Aviation Safety Network on 24th May 2013, E. R. Galea and N. C. Markatos, “A review of mathematical modelling of aircraft cabin fires,”. In a modern aircraft, there is over 150 km of wire; any single point of wiring fault might cause an uncontrolled fire [8]. The plane was broken into two immediately and burst into flames. Kenaf fiber is unique and potentially reliable. Kenaf fiber has been widely used as reinforcement in composites over the past few years which is a most attractive alternative due to its rapid growth at different climatic conditions and ensuring low cost; kenaf fiber has gained some attention to replacing the glass fiber … The simple reaction starts at a very high temperature (300–320°C) and is shown below (see [51]): One research study has emulated FR’s ability of Mg(OH)2 and zinc borate [Zb] on sawdust fibre and rice husk fibre reinforced with PP matrixes [52]. ► Properties of kenaf fiber composite are comparable to conventional fiber composites. The first peak of thermal degradation for 20% kenaf fibre loading is 246°C and this shifted to around 217°C for 50% fibre content. Fig. Rep. Doc 185, Society of Automotive Engineers, Washington, DC, USA, 2000. The high quantity of kenaf fibre restricted the matrix amount. To estimate its flammability, a wide range of factors can be considered such as fibre content, type of matrices, pH conditions, treatment, and fire retardant (FR) filler’s type. Table 7 lists the results of the test. The ordinary polymer matrixes are thermo-set, thermoplastic or biopolymer. In addition, it presents summary of various surface treatments applied to natural fibers and their effect on NFPCs properties. Therefore, composites made up from natural fibre as reinforcement, combined with biodegradable polymer matrices, are the best solution for the environmental issues yet still retain the required strength and properties. Figure 1 shows the percentage of composite materials used in an aircraft; it demonstrates increasingly higher percentages of structural weight being replaced with lighter yet more combustible composites material. The core shows an isotropic and almost amorphous pattern, while the bark has an oriented high crystalline fibre pattern [22]. Nanocomposite is the new area able to create high flame retardancy while withstanding a high load [32]. The development of high-performance engineering products made from natural resources is increasing worldwide, due to renewable and environmental issues. In the USA, in-flight smoke events happened once a day [1]. Dye compounds have been in popular use in many fields, such as textiles, cosmetics, and papers. Different kenaf fibre loadings samples were fabricated by compression moulding from 20% to 50%. Mianowski, T. Lin, Y. Validity of Plant Fiber Length Measurement: A Review of Fiber Length Measurement Based on Kenaf as a Model In Kenaf Properties, Processing and … Among the many different types of natural resources, kenaf plants have been extensively exploited over the past few years. In-flight fires are normally detected at the beginning of the fire and can be successfully extinguished. This TG result is shown in Table 6 and it did improve the char residue portion. Ramp fires usually do not threaten life because they occur when the aircraft is landed and parked. This is because of the increase of stiffness of the composite. A. M. Ishak, and A. Abu Bakar, “Kenaf fiber reinforced composites: a review,”, J. Summerscales, N. P. J. Dissanayake, A. S. Virk, and W. Hall, “A review of bast fibres and their composites. The composites were prepared from nonwoven kenaf and polypropylene (PP) by varying the fibre content from 0% to 40%. Components like polymers and natural fibres are natural fire conductors. The thermal decomposition of a natural fibre always started by low temperature of hemicelluloses decomposition and is followed by a sudden drop of mass caused by the pyrolysis of cellulosic. [6] Han, J.S. The fast growing use of composite in many applications has been focused on sustainable and renewable reinforced composites. The sample is made of kenaf core particles with 180°C hot press. Review Kenaf fiber reinforced composites: A review H.M. Akil⇑, M.F. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of composites reinforced with Hybrid composites of wood flour/kenaf fiber and polypropylene were prepared at a fixed fiber to plastic ratio of 40 : 60 and variable ratios of the two reinforcements namely 40 … Review of kenaf fiber reinforced polymer composites. Thus, the flammability of a natural fibre PMC requires much research from many aspects, and kenaf fibre can be said to be one of the most highly recommended natural fibres in the world. In the outcome, fibre contents were inversely proportional to the thermal stability. In general, the implementation of FR filler into flammable materials such as natural-based polymer composites does increase the fire behavior of the sample. Environmental awareness and trends to develop sustainable resources have directed much research attention towards kenaf fibre as an alternative reinforcement in composite manufacturing. [35] conducted an experiment regarding the effect of kenaf fibre content on composites when in a fire. Nevertheless, Jeencham et al. Therefore manufacturers are keen to find lighter insulation materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.04.008. A Review on Applications of Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Composites Author : Sasikumar Gnanasekaran and Sivasangari Ayyappan Volume 7 No.2 July-December 2018 pp 110-112 Abstract. Abaca fibre as reinforcement in polymer matrices became popular due to applications of its polymer composite in production of exterior components of passenger cars. Kenaf fiber composite have a bright future due to its renewability and eco-friendly. Sign up here as a reviewer to help fast-track new submissions. Therefore, we can announce that silica is the most compatible synergistic agent rather than Mg(OH)2 and Zb. The aim of this review article is to provide a comprehensive review of the foremost appropriate as well as widely used natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) and their applications. 2 showed the parts of kenaf stem (core, bast and innerbast). Usually, polymers can be categorized into twocategories,thermoplasticsandthermosets. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Rejab1, J.P Siregar1, D. Bachtiar1 1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia Abstract. They usually come in the form of a powder and contain 5 to 10% of it inside the sample. Although APP has relatively poor thermal stability properties, Zhang et al. [30] found a different pattern of degradation dynamic mechanical properties for pultruded kenaf fibre reinforced composites when pretreated in different pH solutions. Kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus L.) fibres are thermally and alkali treated to enhance the interfacial bond between the fibre-matrix, the mechanical properties of the fibre itself, the fibre-reinforced thermally activated alum sludge ash (AASA) and the nanosilica (NS) blended cementitious composites. The peak of tan is the determination of [48]. The rate of fire propagation determines the flame classification of the materials that spread across the surface. The rate of fire spread is tested by fire propagation test [27]. As a result, MAPP modifications are able to reduce the LOI values more compared to SCA. [16] used kenaf fiber neutral polypropylene reinforced composites. Introduction [17] investigated the mechanical properties of kenaf fiber reinforced in poly lactic acid composite. Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites (NFPCs) Natural ber polymer composites (NFPC) are a composite material consisting of a polymer matrix embedded with high-strength natural bers, like jute, oil palm, sisal, kenaf, and ax []. A previous study of TGA behaviour for kenaf fibre reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites was carried out by El-Shekeil et al. TheGuardianNews, “India Jet Crash Leaves More Than 150 Dead in Mangalore,” 2013. Two thirds of smoke event on Boeings from year 1992 until year 2000 were caused by electrical (64%) [7]. Keywords: Polymer composite, kenaf fiber, SEM 1. The first thermal degradation will follow the degradation temperature of kenaf fibre at 350°C as loss of weight is the weight of the fibre content. Researchers Kuchinda et al. This is a surface modification to link between the particles [44]. 32 ] issues that need to be done to reduce the LOI and heat rate... 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